Vinčanska Kultura
Vinčanska kultura predstavlja mlađeneolitsku i ranoeneolitsku kulturu jugoistočne Evrope (između prvih vekova 5. milenijuma pre nove ere i prvih vekova 4. milenijuma pre nove ere).
Prostirala se od srednjeg Potisja na severu do Skopske kotline na jugu i od reka Usore i Bosne na zapadu do Sofijskog basena na jugu, odnosno obuhvatala je teritorije današnje Srbije, Rumunije, Makedonije i Bosne i Hercegovine.
Vinčanska kultura je bila tehnološki najnaprednija praistorijska kultura u svetu. Najranija metalurgija bakra u Evropi potiče sa vinčanskog lokaliteta Belovode u istočnoj Srbiji.
Priobalni pojas Dunava u zoni nalazišta Vinče, kod Beograda, proglašen je arheološkim parkom.
Neolit na teritoriji Balkana
Oko 7.000. godine p. n. e. nastaje tzv. „klimatski optimum“, tokom koga se tope ledničke mase u Evropi, pojas četinarskih šuma se pomera ka severu. Klima se menja, postaje topla i vlažna što je pogodovalo listopadnim šumama koje se šire Balkanskim poluostrvom. Ostaci flore i faune sadrže kosti sisara, ptica, riba, ljušture puževa. Na Balkanu od početka neolita do njegove najznačajnije epohe, Vinčanske kulture, prošao je ceo milenijum.
Na prostoru centralnog Balkana nosioci rano i srednje neolitske kulture pripadali su Starčevo-Kereš-Kriš kulturnom kompleksu. Ovaj naziv označava tri bliske kulture: starčevačku, kerešku i krišku koje su obuhvatale područje današnje jugoistočne Mađarske, Srbije i Rumunije.
Starčevačka kultura, koja je naziv dobila po lokalitetu Starčevo, razvila se u veoma važnom periodu napretka čovečanstva, kada je počela proizvodnja hrane. Početkom neolita ljudi su još uvek živeli u grupama, koje su činili članovi porodice, prikupljali su hranu u sezonskim pohodima i polako se privikavali na život na jednom mestu. Starčevačka kultura je donela znanja koja će biti veoma značajna za naredni period. Ljudi su živeli u zemunicama i nadzemnim kućama, pravili su izuzetno kvalitetnu keramiku tankih zidova, ukrašenu geometrijskim motivima, statue stubaste forme, koje podsećaju na vinčanske figurine.
Na vezu između starčevačke i vinčanske kulture upućuju oblici keramike i figurine, kao i stambeni objekti i teritorija koju su obuhvatale, iako u arheologiji postoji i druga hipoteza o nastanku vinčanske kulture, po kojoj je značajnu ulogu imao uticaj ili migracija sa jugoistočnog Balkana.[1]
Arheološka iskopavanja
Arheološko nalazište Vinča, 2011.
Istraživanja vinčanske kulture na teritoriji Srbije počela su u Jablanici kod Aranđelovca 1901. godine, a u Transilvaniji 1875. na lokalitetu Tordoš.
Vinčanska kultura je nazvana po lokalitetu Vinča - Belo brdo, koje se nalazi na desnoj obali Dunava, u selu Vinča, 11 km nizvodno od Beograda, na kome je iskopavanje započeo 1908. profesor Beogradskog univerziteta dr Miloje Vasić, na prostoru od oko 400 m². Sa manjim prekidima, radovi su trajali sve do Prvog svetskog rata. 1924. godine, obavljeno je iskopavanje ali nakratko, zbog nedostatka materijalnih sredstava. Otkriveni su ostaci osam neolitskih naselja, od kojih najstarije naselje pripada periodu srednjeg neolita i starčevačkoj kulturi.
Vinča tridesetih godina postaje nalazište čuveno u svetu. Miloje Vasić je 1932. i 1936. objavio četiri toma monografije „Praistorijska Vinča“, čime je završena druga faza istraživanja ovog lokaliteta.
Osnivanjem Odbora za arheološka istraživanja u Vinči pri Srpskoj akademiji nauka i umetnosti i angažovanjem akademika Vase Čubrilovića i Jovana Todorovića, započeta su 1978. godine nova iskopavanja. U početku je istraživanjima rukovodio Nikola Tasić, a od 1982. godine akademici Milutin Garašanin i Dragoslav Srejović. Posle završetka radova od 1986. do 1998. nije bilo sistematskih arheoloških istraživanja. Ipak, 1988. nalazište je uređeno zbog simpozijuma pod nazivom „Vinča i njen svet“ (originalni naziv - engl. Vinča and its World).
Milutin Garašanin je 1998. godine okupio terensku ekipu i tako je počela treća serija iskopavanja na eponimnom nalazištu. Od 2001. uvedena je flotacija za dobijanje uzoraka makrobiotičke analize. Od 2003. započela su iskopavanja u sistemu celina („unit“), za razliku od ranijih iskopavanja u kvadratnoj mreži. U istraživanja su uključene i arheozoologija i zooarheologija, a za vođenje terenske dokumentacije počela je da se koristi računarska tehnologija. Od 2002. korišćen je elektronski daljinometar (EDM) Napravljena je baza podataka i softver ArchaeoPack (Tasić, Jevremović 2003.) koji je testiran na iskopavanjima u Vinči.
Vinča Culture
The Vinča culture was a Neolithic archaeological culture in Southeast Europe, in present-day Serbia, and smaller parts of Bulgaria, Macedonia, Greece, Bosnia, and Romania (particularly Transylvania), dated to the period 5700–4500 BC or 5300–4700/4500 BC. Named for its type site, Vinča-Belo Brdo, a large tell settlement discovered by Serbian archaeologist Miloje Vasić in 1908, it represents the material remains of a prehistoric society mainly distinguished by its settlement pattern and ritual behavior.
Farming technology was first introduced to the region during the First Temperate Neolithic and further developed by the Vinča culture, fuelling a population boom and producing some of the largest settlements in prehistoric Europe. These settlements maintained a high degree of cultural uniformity through the long-distance exchange of ritual items but were probably not politically unified. Various styles of zoomorphic and anthropomorphic figurines are hallmarks of the culture, as are the Vinča symbols, which some conjecture to be the earliest form of proto-writing. Although not conventionally considered part of the Chalcolithic or "Copper Age", the Vinča culture provides the earliest known example of copper smelting in the Old World.
In its later phase, the center of the Vinča network shifted from Vinča-Belo Brdo to Vršac, and the long-distance exchange of obsidian and Spondylus artifacts from modern-day Hungary and the Aegean respectively became more important than that of Vinča figurines. Eventually, the network lost its cohesion altogether and fell into decline. It is likely that, after two millennia of intensive farming, economic stresses caused by decreasing soil fertility were partly responsible for this decline.
According to Marija Gimbutas, the Vinča culture was part of Old Europe – a relatively homogeneous, peaceful, and matrifocal culture that occupied Europe during the Neolithic. According to this hypothesis, its period of decline was followed by an invasion of warlike, horse-riding Proto-Indo-European tribes from the Pontic–Caspian steppe.
Drawing of one of the Tărtăria tablets, dated to 5500–5300 BC and associated with the Vinča culture. The Vinča symbols on it predate the proto-Sumerian pictographic script. Discovered in 1961 at Tărtăria by the archaeologist Nicolae Vlassa.
+
Vinča agriculture introduced common wheat, oat, and flax to temperate Europe, and made greater use of barley than the cultures of the FTN. These innovations increased crop yields and allowed the manufacture of clothes made from plant textiles as well as animal products (i.e. leather and wool). There is indirect evidence that Vinča farmers made use of the cattle-driven plow, which would have had a major effect on the amount of human labor required for agriculture as well as opening up new areas of land for farming. Many of the largest Vinča sites occupy regions dominated by soil types that would have required plowing.
Areas with less arable potential were exploited through transhumant pastoralism, where groups from the lowland villages moved their livestock to nearby upland areas on a seasonal basis. Cattle were more important than sheep and goats in Vinča herds and, in comparison to the cultures of the FTN, livestock was increasingly kept for milk, leather and as draft animals, rather than solely for meat. A seasonal movement to upland areas was also motivated by the exploitation of stone and mineral resources. Where these were especially rich permanent upland settlements were established, which would have relied more heavily on pastoralism for subsistence.
Although increasingly focused on domesticated plants and animals, the Vinča subsistence economy still made use of wild food resources. The hunting of deer, boar, and aurochs, fishing of carp and catfish, shell-collecting, fowling, and foraging of wild cereals, forest fruits, and nuts made up a significant part of the diet at some Vinča sites. These, however, were in the minority; settlements were invariably located with agricultural rather than wild food potential in mind, and wild resources were usually underexploited unless the area was low in arable productivity.
Most people in Vinča settlements would have been occupied with the provision of food. They practiced a mixed subsistence economy where agriculture, animal husbandry and hunting, and foraging all contributed to the diet of the growing Vinča population. Compared to earlier cultures of the First Temperate Neolithic (FTN) these practices were intensified, with increasing specialization in high-yield cereal crops and the secondary products of domesticated animals, consistent with the increased population density.
Generally speaking craft production within the Vinča network was carried out at the household level; there is little evidence for individual economic specialization. Nevertheless, some Vinča artifacts were made with considerable levels of technical skill. A two-stage method was used to produce pottery with a polished, multi-colored finish, known as 'Black-topped' and 'Rainbow Ware'. Sometimes powdered cinnabar and limonite were applied to the fired clay for decoration. The style of Vinča clothing can be inferred from figurines depicted with open-necked tunics and decorated skirts. The cloth was woven from both flax and wool (with flax becoming more important in the later Vinča period), and buttons made from shell or stone were also used.
The Vinča site of Pločnik has produced the earliest example of copper tools in the world. However, the people of the Vinča network practiced only an early and limited form of metallurgy. Copper ores were mined on a large scale at sites like Rudna Glava, but only a fraction was smelted and cast into metal artifacts – and these were ornaments and trinkets rather than functional tools, which continued to be made from chipped stone, bone, and antler. It is likely that the primary use of mined ores was in their powdered form, in the production of pottery, or as bodily decoration.
.png "Исход на Нишану: \"Тамо Где Речи Нестају\" | Outcome On Gunpoint: \"\"Where Words Disappear\" | poetry. poezija. zbirka poezije. poésie. a collection of poetry. un recueil de poésie")
.jpg)
